
By applying defined extracellular gradients of guidance cues (such as netrin-1, semaphorins, neurotrophins, myelin-associated glycoprotein), we are examining the early cellular responses at the growth cone triggered by these molecules and the involvement of various cytoplasmic signaling pathways in regulating the turning decision of the growth cone. For details, please see articles by Ming et al., Nature 417, 411-418 (2002); Neuron 29, 441-452 (2001); Neuron 23, 139-48 (1999); Neuron 19, 1225-1235 (1997).